Discovering Cao Cao Gao Ling Qian Chuan: A Rural Tomb Legend
The evidence to determine Cao Cao's grave was partially recovered from a series of tombs. “We have captured 5 batches of robbers, a total of 38 people.†Zhang Yanping, deputy director of the Anfeng Township police station, told the reporter. According to the official announcement, it is because these robbers constantly harassed the Donghan Tomb in Xitou, West Village, and the stolen goods seized from them. Finally, the local tomb of Henan Province began to treat the tomb. Protective excavation.
On December 31, 2009, our correspondent came to the excavation site of this grave. The 30-meter high slope is located at the head of Xijiao’s western suburbs, and a cornfield under the cliff. The tombs are divided into tombs No. 2 and No. 1. Although the main entrances of the two tombs have been covered with blue plastic sheeting and yellow straw mats, several diameters of half a meter can still be seen under the guidance of the archaeological team members at the scene. Many round openings are exposed on the surface along the edge of the excavated grave. The archaeological team told the reporter that it was the stolen cave left by the tomb robbers. At the edge of the No. 1 cemetery, the original graves, which were originally cut and axe cut, suddenly collapsed to the west. "There are several burglars in that position. Because the holes are too dense and the burglars are connected together," the archeological team told the reporter. In the depths of the cemetery, there are still many traces of artificial excavation. "The distance between the tombs of No. 1 and No. 2 is approximately 30 meters, but it has been connected to a burglar underground and is spoken below. The opposite grave can be heard."
According to the appraisal opinions of the cultural relics issued by the Anfeng Township police station based on the tomb, the distribution of some of the stolen caverns was disclosed: “A stolen hole adjacent to the cliff, with a diameter of 1 meter and a vertical depth of about 3.5 meters, sloped eastward. Extending and then penetrating the burial chamber, all the tombs were severely disturbed, and the scale of the anterior chamber and the ear chamber could not be measured due to modern disruption.†And the first archaeologist who entered the tomb was Pan Weibin, an associate researcher at Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology. The reporters were told that during the excavation process, they discovered a stolen hole that was about tens of meters in length parallel to the tomb.
These are the indexes that found the tomb of Cao Cao, and in recent years, a crazy epiphany in this village. A piece of cultural relics was stripped from the soil and became a valuable antique. There was a long chain between them, and there was a time and space that the villagers could not understand and could not participate in. In the story of the tomb of the legendary tomb of Cao Cao, the villagers of Anfeng Township were only the shortest section of the chain. However, the villagers are accustomed to reducing the final value of the cultural relics to the local folk legends in order to support their dreams of wealth that cannot be obtained from land production.
Anfeng villagers imagine underground wealth
On the New Year's Day of 2010, this reporter saw Wu Da Nian (a pseudonym). He just came out of the detention center for more than a month. Because he participated in a tomb incident in the winter of 2007, he was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 yuan. In the case of the tomb where 12 people participated, Wu Da-nian, who was not the principal offender, was given the heaviest punishment — all other accomplices were sentenced to probation. Wu Da-nian’s family appealed for several months, and the second instance was sentenced to probation for three years, but Wu Da-nian spent seven months in the detention center. The 47-year-old peasant, described by the village chief Guo Jindou as "honest man," touched the shaved head in the detention center, and said in a self-deprecating manner: This became a news person.
Just an ordinary tomb case does not make this 47-year-old farmer the focus. In Anfeng Township, the tomb-raising was never a news story. “From ancient times to the present, the winds of the tombs have never stopped.†Long Zhenshan, a local folk archeologist, told the reporter that “Anfeng Township used to be the seat of Cao Cao’s troops and it was 5 km south from West Point Village. There is a place name called Liangmagang, which is about 7 kilometers from Zhengdong, which is Xiwen Village in Hebei Province. Corresponding to the name of the village, there is also a village called Wucheng near the village, which is said to be Cao Cao. After the army was stationed here, the subordinate sergeants used to literate and martial arts. This is a group of villages that have not been interrupted for 6,000 years.†Even today, there are traces of thousands of years before the land. A few fragments of the journalist’s photojournalist who arrived in Tiantou told him after Long Zhenshan’s identification that it was from the Shang Dynasty.
In contrast to the wealth of historical debris, the wealth of land produces wealth. The fields in winter are not colored. Even the newly planted wheat seedlings are submerged in the cold fog and the dust that is raised when the car passes the country road. Although there is a large area of ​​flat land, due to the large number of people, most villages have less than one mu per capita. Take Shaojiatun Village, which is close to the railway in the east, as an example, “only half of the land is per capitaâ€. The village chief Yuan Yunming told the reporter. In the western villages, although the average amount of land per capita has risen, due to the approach of the mountains to the west, the terrain has gradually developed into a hilly landform, and the fields have been unevenly distributed, making irrigation of arable land very problematic. The agricultural irrigation here mainly depends on a poor quality drainage channel and Yuecheng Reservoir, which does not frequently discharge water. Winter is not a time when a lot of water is used. Our reporter saw that the canals and the Weihe River were completely dry and covered with fallen leaves and silt. Because there is not enough water for irrigation, the crop here is only wheat and corn, which are all low-priced food crops on the market.
Where there is not enough wealth to be grown in the village to live a good life, what they can expect is hints of underground shingles that can often be shredded in the fields. Although in the interview, the villagers did not really explain the fellow countryman who made a fortune because he dug out the artifacts, there are still many legends about what they believe to be a fortune.
Zhang Qinghe, the village head of Guojiatun Village, told this reporter a story: They once had a villager who was keen to hunt treasure. The most financially obsessive behavior was to identify a family member of a neighboring village who was buried in gold. So he gave some money to the family and got the right to dig in the middle of the house. He dug to the hole to seep water. Because there is a local proverb that says “Floating Goldâ€, this villager believes that he chose the right place. He bought three pumps in succession, hoping to drain the water in the cave, but the water still continues. "Finally, he found that he had opened up the groundwater. How could the water be pumped?"
Want to dig baby, and finally dig out the outlet well. This story became a local joke. However, the villagers still believe that the protagonist in the joke finally made a fortune. In 2008, the villager who had become a fan of robberies was arrested by the police station for stealing artifacts and soon disappeared after the case was closed. The last story he left to the village was: He dug big baby, but when he went to Luoyang to trade with a buyer from the south, he put a bag with artifacts on a chair beside him and found the bag after dinner. Missing. Of course, this explanation has not been adopted by the villagers and his accomplices. "They all think that he may be trying to swallow it alone."
After this failed transaction, the man moved out of the village. In the past few years, the village has also moved out of the population. Although the reasons are unknown, in the interpretation of the villagers, it was interpreted as a reason for digging the baby to make a fortune, and he feared being left behind by the police station. Even the village head Zhang Qinghe firmly believes in these legends.
Tomb Raider
Wu Da-nian of Zhaocun was also affected by the reality of poverty and the legend of robbery and thriving. This village is the village closest to the Weihe River in Anfeng Township. Therefore, most of the land in the village is flood land, scattered into small pieces and difficult to irrigate. Wu Dainian’s family members only have 8 points. The output of the land can't meet the expenditures of the family, “eat vegetables, heat coal, and use electricityâ€. Every year after May, he will go to Anyang city to do a little job. He has the craft of woodworking, but he is not easy to find. Forty-five people a day, in addition to subsidizing the home, are used to repair the house. Even so, the house where he and his wife live is obsolete. A bed is placed next to the cooktop, and the walls are smoked into smoke. Yellow black. On the small round table in the room, there is an old TV with a screen that looks less than 14 inches. The 47-year-old gully on his face, and his hair appearing in his hair, looks almost 60 years old. In the winter of 2007, when a relative from the neighboring village came to the door to invite him to work on a tomb, he hesitated and heard that 11 people were involved and agreed to do so.
"Tomb of this live, one person and two people can't do it." Zhang Yanping told this correspondent, "The need for people to drive the wind, driving, and excavation is manual work. At least two people are required to take turns. Therefore, gangs always commit crimes, at least More than three or four people.†Wu Duin’s participation in the tomb was the most involved in the case of the tomb related to the tomb of Cao Cao. Many villagers in the surrounding villages and Wu Da-Tian are in dire straits, providing them with a wealth of human resources for the formation of this excavation team.
For example, Wu Xiaogang (a pseudonym) of the same village is caught in the plight of family planning fines. A total of two prostitutes were born in his family. According to the "428" rule of the rural family planning policy, the first girl must be 4 years old and his wife 28 years old to be able to give birth again. However, Wu Xiaogang’s family had a second niece before this point in time and needed to pay a fine of 12,000 yuan. "He couldn't pay the money and he was also detained in the township government for three days. But after three days his family still did not collect fines. Finally, it was 3,000 yuan. Our village officials gave him the money they owed." Guo Jindou told the reporter.
Wu Jujie (a pseudonym) not far from the neighbors is in trouble. He started working in Siping in the northeast in 2007 and returned to the village one year later to help the bosses there. “We say that good wages are calculated every year. There are dozens of people in our village who follow him.†A villager told the reporter. “But by the end of 2008, the boss said that because of the economic crisis, there was no wages. He could not say there. "The promise of Wu Jujie in the village has been greatly questioned because the promises made by the villagers to leave their hometown have not been fulfilled. He not only has to worry about how to help the villagers to return the wages, but also to cope with the expenses of the son's marriage. “His family has two sons and they have been married in the past two years. Each one is responsible for helping them make new homes.†Guo Jindou told this correspondent.
Money seems to be the most direct way to solve the problems they face. At the end of 2007, they all participated in this 12-person robbery team.
Legends of the Tomb Cave in West Gao Cave Village
Since 1998, a large tomb at the head of the West Gao Cave has been considered a place where “big things†have been buried. The first person who brought wealth imagination to this position was Xu Yuchao, a villager in Xigaoxue Village. Before 2005, Xu Yuchao operated a brick kiln in the village. Because the soil often carries debris residues that do not know which dynasty, soil quality impairs the quality of the bricks and becomes Xu Yuchao's headache. When the soil was taken in 1998, a stone plaque was found in the soil and later proved to be the epitaph of Hou Zhao Da Shouqing and Ma Duan.
Because it was a single stone card pulled out from the soil and no Lu Qian cemetery was found, some local archeologists used this brand to guess the general scope of Cao Cao's tomb. Long Zhenshan also wrote a paper for this purpose and published it in “Huaxia Archeologyâ€. After the news broke out, some strangers appeared in the village soon.
“Looking for less than half a year, some people went to the door to buy.†Xu Yuchao said to the reporter. “We started selling 300 yuan. We don’t sell it. They often come to the door and they finally reached 30,000.†There are also some people holding Luoyang shovels and people who are in the vicinity of the West Gao Cave Village. “There are people from other townships and there are also villagers from several nearby villages.†Xu Yuchao said. He personally saw these people with a treasure hunter’s dream, “With a hollow steel tube about 13cm in diameter in the hand, the probe is sharpened on one end and is slightly larger, about 15cm in size. Between the steel pipe and the steel pipe, there are screws. Tube connection". The function of Luoyang shovel is to take soil. After being inserted into the ground, the color of the extracted soil is an important confirmation of whether there is an ancient tomb in the ground. Long Zhenshan has seen the archeological team's resolution of the soil. “There is a big difference between raw and cooked soils. Because the soil will accumulate in five layers over the years, but the soil on the side of the tomb is disturbed by the color boundaries between the soil. Experienced thieves can tell the difference. The nuances."
When the signs of ripe soil are found, another function of the Luoyang shovel is to drill deep into the ground by connecting the extension with a screw cap until it touches the brick wall of the grave. “Tomb raiders will wrap the fire medicinal plastic cloth and put it into the jack for blasting.†Xu Yuchao told this correspondent.
The land, which is now identified as the tomb of Cao Cao, was once the site where another villager Xu Zhenhai opened a brick kiln. It is said that during the process of earth-fetching, some traces of mature soil have been found. According to the direction of Lu Qian's epitaph, this area was included in the scope of doubts of the tomb of Cao Cao. Therefore, when the state promulgated the farmland protection policy in 2005, when all the brick kiln in West Gaoxue Village were shut down, the place where earth was borrowed became an unguarded wasteland, and the robbers soon came here. "Everybody was throwing firecrackers on the evening of 2005 New Year's Eve. The tomb plunderers also chose to launch artillery that evening." Village head Xu Huanchao told the reporter.
This is the first time the tomb was opened in the past 10 years. The location of the muzzle selection shows that the robbers are very experienced. The tomb is located on the western edge of the wasteland, and there is a corn field under the cliff. From the modern earth floor to the tomb floor is 15 meters, and the space height of the tomb is 6.8 meters. However, because the brick kiln took the earth all year round and dug up the surface 5 meters of mud, the tombs only need to blast about 3 meters of soil to reach the brick wall of the tomb. The explosives used by robbers are self-made squeeze explosives. "The soil does not splash out after the explosion, but the soil is squeezed into the surrounding soil, so that the blown hole is more compact and will not collapse. The diameter of the hole is less than 1 meter." Xu Huanchao told this correspondent. Pirate hole is hidden because of its location, and it is close to the underground. It became the entrance to which this tomb was repeatedly violated.
At the end of 2007, when 12 people, including Wu Da-nian, came to this wasteland, they entered the grave from this entrance.
Tomb
Wu Danni is not the first tomb plunderer to enter the tomb after 2005 New Year's Eve. Xu Huanchao told the reporter that soon after the grave had been blasted, villagers reported it. Jia Zhenlin, the party secretary of the township party committee, went to the nearby South-North Water Diversion Project site and found Pan Weibin, the captain of the Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Team on the construction site.
Xu Huanzhao put Pan Weibin into the tomb with a rope. "I judged it as a royal tomb at that time." Pan Weibin told the reporter. The material of the cemetery also shows the identity of the tomb master. Long Zhenshan’s family still had a tomb brick collected at the time: the bricks were 50 centimeters long, 25 centimeters wide, and 12.5 centimeters thick. They were plainly polished and different from the contemporary civil bricks. “Private bricks are pale yellow earthy and mesh patterns, and the bricks in this grave are not only different in color but also have specifications that are more than double that of civil bricks. At first glance, they are special.†Long Zhenshan The reporter said.
After inspecting the West Gaoxue Village tomb, Pan Weibin suggested backfilling the hole and sending someone to patrol. However, archeologists' evaluation of this grave soon spread in the country. “After filling in the openings, we often have people digging tombs.†Xu Huanchao told the reporter. “Every time the tomb is stolen, the soil that fills the hole will be pushed into the cave.â€
At the end of December 2007, Wu Da-nian and his 12-member delegation came to the grave with flashlights, wooden sticks, hemp ropes, and earth-removing steel bars. After digging open the fill of the grave, “put a rope on the hole with a wooden stick, and the person responsible for excavation will go down to the bottom of the grave.†Wu Da-Nian told this reporter.
The process of mining is simple. “Five people let off the air, six people go to the tomb, and one person stays on the outside of the car. The people who go to the tomb are divided into three groups. One person excavates the soil, and one person cleans up the excavated earthwork. Everyone rotates for it.†Wu Da-nian told this reporter Say. They chose the shallowest part of the tomb in the tomb. "There was once someone dug it and left a pit, and we picked it up here."
The fields in winter are very cold. Wu Da-nian said that he had been wearing a coat and letting go on the ground. After waiting a few hours, he also entered the grave to avoid the cold. When he climbed down the rope, only two meters away, he had landed. All the feet are soft soil. This 6.8-meter-high graves is located very close to the entrance of the cave due to the piles of soil excavated by the robbers.
Digging for four or five hours, when the sky was bright, they dug a stone card. "It's split into three pieces and it's about two to three hundred jins. We tied it with a rope and pulled it on the ground," Wu Daonian said.
South-to-North Water Transfer Project and Tomb Rape Industrial Chain
The tasks of Wu Da Nian have been completed. In the industry chain of Tomb Raider, what they did was only the lowest level. In the usual tomb industrial chain system, the “bitter†and “leg†stole artifacts from the tomb. They receive hard money ranging from a few hundred to several thousand dollars due to different technical content. The people who employ them and finance the entire robberies are called "little pots." “This sort of candidate is usually performed by local people. They have certain economic capabilities and can pay for the organization of a tomb raid. They are also responsible for taking out the goods,†a person familiar with the matter told the reporter.
Wu Bo (a pseudonym) in Guojiatun Village acted as a “little pot†for the operation. According to people familiar with his family, this reporter told reporters that Wu Bo’s family is very good. When he was a young man, he worked in Anyang City Cotton Spinning Factory in the branch of Anfeng Township. Later he became a factory manager and was a capable person who also had a prestige in the village. Although the family is still in the village, the family is an urban residence. The South-to-North Water Diversion project passed through Anfeng Township. His father also contracted some small projects on the construction site. In the eyes of the local people, it shows that he has advantages in terms of people and funds that local villagers can hardly match. The village head Zhang Qinghe told the reporter: “It is said that the contracting of a project requires an investment of nearly 100 million yuan.†Zhang Qinghe once tried to try, even found the relationship in the city, but still did not get the contract right.
Wu Bo's father-in-law worked as a contractor in Shijiahe Village and was also a rich family in the local population. Wu Bo operates an Internet cafe in Anyang City. “The investment is about RMB 1.4 million.†People familiar with the matter said to the reporter. Therefore, this young man less than 30 years old does not pay for it at all. The locals described him as a "daughter, fashionable, and often surrounded by girls."
Under the bitterness, legs, and support pots, these bizarre terms are the names of people in the basic industrial chain of tombs and their basic establishment. Since 2005, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project has been undergoing this project, which has contributed to the development and maturity of this industry chain in Anfeng Township. In the history of the tomb, the development of each major project was always accompanied by the outbreak of the tomb. According to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project plan, starting from 2005, the project will pass through the middle of Anfeng Township from the southwest to the northeast. The unsuccessful project of Zhang Qinghe, village head of Guojiatun Village, failed to find another contract: “I heard from the city that some foreigners said they would have to pay for the project, provided all the excavated artifacts were taken away. Our country did not agree. There are so many artifacts on this route and how precious they are."
This is indeed the case. In 2006, when the project entered the first village on the coast of Anfeng Township, it discovered a group of Beiqi tombs with nearly 400 ancient tombs. The archaeological team immediately entered the station to dig. According to a village official from Gu'an Village, who was involved in the excavation of cultural relics at the time, told reporters that in order to avoid stealing cultural relics during the excavation process, all workers involved in the clean-up of the Gu'an Ancient Tombs were women recruited from surrounding villages. "Everyone wears a badge, and a man does not want to ensure that the shaved artifacts are not lost."
Even such measures will not prevent the theft of artifacts. Zhang Yanping’s office is connected to a small bedroom. The TV cabinet in the bedroom is served with a complete potted earthenware. Zhang Yanping told the reporter that this was a cultural relic that had not been handed over after seizure from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Several peasant workers from Puyang, in the name of work, took tombs and tombs. “They are called '飨' on their side, and they are containers for grain in ancient times.â€
"Many robbers are migrant workers, while working, while looking for cultural relics." Zhang Yanping said. Due to the excavation of cultural relics on the site of the South-North Water Diversion Project, the wind of the tombs spread from the east to the west in Anfeng Township. Zhang Qinghe was the head of the village when he took office in 2007. "In the past two years, I have not remembered how many times the police station was ran. There are often police stations that inform the villagers that the tomb was caught. I have to send people to the police station." Zhang Qinghe told the reporter. Accompanied by the tomb robbers came from the buyers who heard the wind from all over the country. "Our village still has come over from Luoyang. We don't have pistols in the waist to collect things." Zhang Qinghe said.
These outsiders have enriched the link in the tomb chain. This is a kind of person with relatively high technical content. They usually look for ancient tombs or know how to identify cultural relics. Most of them also have abundant funds. They will buy artifacts from the entire tombs according to their own appreciation eyes.
New wealth imagination for land
The image stone excavated by Wu Dainian was quickly shot by Wu Bo. In February 2008, the Anfeng Township police station uncovered the tomb case involving 12 people. Wu Bo’s family also sent back to the police station an image stone that had already been shot. The journalist saw the rubbing stone at the home of Long Zhenshan: The picture is divided into three layers, depicting scenes of naval training, similar to the “Water and Land Attacksâ€, with pictures of servants, horses, bridges, and engravings. There is a lifelike figure. This stone was identified as one of the evidences of the tomb of Cao Cao.
However, harassment of this grave remains uninterrupted. In September 2008, Zhang Yanping received another report and someone entered the grave. "This time it was a group of six people. When we rushed past, the two winds immediately ran away. The remaining four people in the graves were like a cocoon. They let them climb up with a rope and came out with one.†Zhang Yanping The reporter said.
This time, the seized stone tablets with the words “Weiwu King†have become the major evidence for confirming Cao Cao's graveyard.
After the tomb of Cao Cao was announced by the Henan side, the villagers began to imagine the value of the land in the other direction. Guojiatun Village is less than 3 kilometers from Xijiaxue Village, which is a proud distance for Zhang Qinghe. “I went to Shaolin Temple and saw that there are already restaurants and hotels within 30 kilometers. The tomb of Cao Cao is more famous than the Shaolin Temple. We are only 2.5 kilometers away from here. Hotels and restaurants must be covered by us.†From Guojiatun to the West High Cave Village Zhang Chinghe kept pointing the direction of the 1,500-mu plot of their village to the journalist: "After the confirmation is the tomb of Cao Cao, the leaders of the city told me that they must be optimistic about the land in the village and they will immediately be worth a lot of money. Now it is 4 yuan per mu. Ten thousand yuan, after determining the mausoleum, it must be at least several times over, at least sell 120,000 yuan per mu."
Zhang Qinghe told the reporter that this year we must organize village cadres to travel outside: Suzhou and Hangzhou in the spring, Beijing in the fall, and the Great Wall. But the most important thing is that the official seal of buying and selling land must be taken with you.
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